Glycoprotein produced by syncytiotrophoblast cells. Doubles every 48–72h in early normal pregnancy. Used to confirm pregnancy, monitor ectopic/miscarriage, and as a tumour marker (trophoblastic disease, testicular germ cell tumours).
| Sex | Age | Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| All | ≥ 18 yrs | < 5 | Non-pregnant: <5 IU/L; serial values more important than single measurement in early pregnancy |
⚠ Clinical Note
Reference ranges are indicative. Always interpret results in the context of the individual patient and local laboratory reference intervals, which may vary.